The Home and Garden Information Center of the University of Maryland puts out a great e-newsletter. Here are a few of the gardening tips that they list for January in the home landscape.
Lawns
• Hand pull winter annual weeds to keep them from going to seed this spring. Some common annual weeds include chickweed , henbit , and dead nettle . Here are more tips for eco-friendly weed control.
• Avoid excessive walking on your grass when it is frozen to avoid damaging the crowns of your grass plants.
Woody Ornamental Tips
• Protect shrubs from winter winds by surrounding them with burlap or cardboard, or constructing small, solid windbreaks located 18 inches from the plant on the windward side.
• Try to prevent snow and ice from building up on gutters and eaves above shrubs. Gently sweep snow loads off of shrubs to prevent breakage.
• Prune damaged branches.
Fruit
• Fall bearing raspberries can be cut down to the ground. The spent fruiting canes of June bearers can also be removed now.
• Consider covering your strawberry patch with a piece of floating row cover. This material can help prevent winter injury and promote early growth in the spring.
Vegetables and Herbs
• Plan for spring seeding now. Check the germination rate of old, questionable seed (see newsletter to learn how)
Fertilizer
• Keep all ice melting materials away from landscape plants. Do not attempt to melt ice with granular garden fertilizers.
Mulch
• If you have not mulched your garden, apply mulch now to perennial beds, trees and shrubs. This will help to protect plant crowns and shallow root systems from severe cold weather.
Wildlife
• Keep bird feeders and baths cleaned and replenished throughout the winter months.
For more tips from this excellent newsletter, download the winter edition here.
Thursday, January 13, 2011
Tuesday, January 11, 2011
Butterflies of DC
This list of butterflies of Washington, D.C. was created from the Butterflies and Moths of North America website. To create a list for a different area, use the scrollbars on their database search page.
Select the link for any butterfly for more information, including their preferred host and nectar plants.
Hesperiidae Skippers
Epargyreus clarus Silver-spotted Skipper
Urbanus proteus Long-tailed Skipper
Autochton cellus Golden Banded-Skipper
Achalarus lyciades Hoary Edge
Thorybes pylades Northern Cloudywing
Thorybes bathyllus Southern Cloudywing
Thorybes confusis Confused Cloudywing
Staphylus hayhurstii Hayhurst's Scallopwing
Erynnis icelus Dreamy Duskywing
Erynnis brizo Sleepy Duskywing
Erynnis juvenalis Juvenal's Duskywing
Erynnis horatius Horace's Duskywing
Erynnis martialis Mottled Duskywing
Erynnis zarucco Zarucco Duskywing
Erynnis baptisiae Wild Indigo Duskywing
Pyrgus centaureae Grizzled Skipper
Pyrgus communis Common Checkered-Skipper
Pholisora catullus Common Sootywing
Nastra lherminier Swarthy Skipper
Lerema accius Clouded Skipper
Ancyloxypha numitor Least Skipper
Thymelicus lineola European Skipper
Hylephila phyleus Fiery Skipper
Hesperia leonardus Leonard's Skipper
Hesperia metea Cobweb Skipper
Hesperia sassacus Indian Skipper
Atalopedes campestris Sachem
Polites peckius Peck's Skipper
Polites themistocles Tawny-edged Skipper
Polites origenes Crossline Skipper
Polites vibex Whirlabout
Wallengrenia otho Southern Broken-Dash
Wallengrenia egeremet Northern Broken-Dash
Pompeius verna Little Glassywing
Poanes hobomok Hobomok Skipper
Poanes zabulon Zabulon Skipper
Poanes viator Broad-winged Skipper
Poanes aaroni Aaron's Skipper
Euphyes bimacula Two-spotted Skipper
Euphyes vestris Dun Skipper
Atrytonopsis hianna Dusted Skipper
Amblyscirtes vialis Common Roadside-Skipper
Lerodea eufala Eufala Skipper
Calpodes ethlius Brazilian Skipper
Panoquina ocola Ocola Skipper
Papilionidae Parnassians and Swallowtails
Battus philenor Pipevine Swallowtail
Eurytides marcellus Zebra Swallowtail
Papilio polyxenes Black Swallowtail
Papilio glaucus Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
Papilio troilus Spicebush Swallowtail
Papilio palamedes Palamedes Swallowtail
Papilio cresphontes Giant Swallowtail
Pieridae Whites and Sulphurs
Pontia protodice Checkered White
Pieris rapae Cabbage White
Anthocharis midea Falcate Orangetip
Colias philodice Clouded Sulphur
Colias eurytheme Orange Sulphur
Phoebis sennae Cloudless Sulphur
Eurema daira Barred Yellow
Pyrisitia lisa Little Yellow
Abaeis nicippe Sleepy Orange
Lycaenidae Gossamer-wing Butterflies
Feniseca tarquinius Harvester
Lycaena phlaeas American Copper
Lycaena hyllus Bronze Copper
Callophrys gryneus Juniper Hairstreak
Callophrys augustinus Brown Elfin
Callophrys irus Frosted Elfin
Callophrys henrici Henry's Elfin
Callophrys niphon Eastern Pine Elfin
Satyrium favonius Southern Hairstreak
Satyrium titus Coral Hairstreak
Satyrium edwardsii Edwards' Hairstreak
Satyrium calanus Banded Hairstreak
Calycopis cecrops Red-banded Hairstreak
Strymon melinus Gray Hairstreak
Parrhasius m album White M Hairstreak
Cupido comyntas Eastern Tailed-Blue
Celastrina ladon Spring Azure
Celastrina neglecta Summer Azure
Nymphalidae Brush-footed Butterflies
Libytheana carinenta American Snout
Danaus plexippus Monarch
Danaus gilippus Queen
Agraulis vanillae Gulf Fritillary
Euptoieta claudia Variegated Fritillary
Speyeria cybele Great Spangled Fritillary
Speyeria aphrodite Aphrodite Fritillary
Speyeria idalia Regal Fritillary
Chlosyne nycteis Silvery Checkerspot
Phyciodes tharos Pearl Crescent
Euphydryas phaeton Baltimore
Junonia coenia Common Buckeye
Polygonia interrogationis Question Mark
Polygonia comma Eastern Comma
Polygonia progne Gray Comma
Nymphalis antiopa Mourning Cloak
Vanessa atalanta Red Admiral
Vanessa cardui Painted Lady
Vanessa virginiensis American Lady
Limenitis arthemis Red-spotted Purple or White Admiral
Limenitis arthemis astyanax 'Astyanax' Red-spotted Purple
Limenitis archippus Viceroy
Asterocampa celtis Hackberry Emperor
Asterocampa clyton Tawny Emperor
Satyrodes appalachia Appalachian Brown
Megisto cymela Little Wood Satyr
Cercyonis pegala Common Wood Nymph
Select the link for any butterfly for more information, including their preferred host and nectar plants.
Hesperiidae Skippers
Epargyreus clarus Silver-spotted Skipper
Urbanus proteus Long-tailed Skipper
Autochton cellus Golden Banded-Skipper
Achalarus lyciades Hoary Edge
Thorybes pylades Northern Cloudywing
Thorybes bathyllus Southern Cloudywing
Thorybes confusis Confused Cloudywing
Staphylus hayhurstii Hayhurst's Scallopwing
Erynnis icelus Dreamy Duskywing
Erynnis brizo Sleepy Duskywing
Erynnis juvenalis Juvenal's Duskywing
Erynnis horatius Horace's Duskywing
Erynnis martialis Mottled Duskywing
Erynnis zarucco Zarucco Duskywing
Erynnis baptisiae Wild Indigo Duskywing
Pyrgus centaureae Grizzled Skipper
Pyrgus communis Common Checkered-Skipper
Pholisora catullus Common Sootywing
Nastra lherminier Swarthy Skipper
Lerema accius Clouded Skipper
Ancyloxypha numitor Least Skipper
Thymelicus lineola European Skipper
Hylephila phyleus Fiery Skipper
Hesperia leonardus Leonard's Skipper
Hesperia metea Cobweb Skipper
Hesperia sassacus Indian Skipper
Atalopedes campestris Sachem
Polites peckius Peck's Skipper
Polites themistocles Tawny-edged Skipper
Polites origenes Crossline Skipper
Polites vibex Whirlabout
Wallengrenia otho Southern Broken-Dash
Wallengrenia egeremet Northern Broken-Dash
Pompeius verna Little Glassywing
Poanes hobomok Hobomok Skipper
Poanes zabulon Zabulon Skipper
Poanes viator Broad-winged Skipper
Poanes aaroni Aaron's Skipper
Euphyes bimacula Two-spotted Skipper
Euphyes vestris Dun Skipper
Atrytonopsis hianna Dusted Skipper
Amblyscirtes vialis Common Roadside-Skipper
Lerodea eufala Eufala Skipper
Calpodes ethlius Brazilian Skipper
Panoquina ocola Ocola Skipper
Papilionidae Parnassians and Swallowtails
Battus philenor Pipevine Swallowtail
Eurytides marcellus Zebra Swallowtail
Papilio polyxenes Black Swallowtail
Papilio glaucus Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
Papilio troilus Spicebush Swallowtail
Papilio palamedes Palamedes Swallowtail
Papilio cresphontes Giant Swallowtail
Pieridae Whites and Sulphurs
Pontia protodice Checkered White
Pieris rapae Cabbage White
Anthocharis midea Falcate Orangetip
Colias philodice Clouded Sulphur
Colias eurytheme Orange Sulphur
Phoebis sennae Cloudless Sulphur
Eurema daira Barred Yellow
Pyrisitia lisa Little Yellow
Abaeis nicippe Sleepy Orange
Lycaenidae Gossamer-wing Butterflies
Feniseca tarquinius Harvester
Lycaena phlaeas American Copper
Lycaena hyllus Bronze Copper
Callophrys gryneus Juniper Hairstreak
Callophrys augustinus Brown Elfin
Callophrys irus Frosted Elfin
Callophrys henrici Henry's Elfin
Callophrys niphon Eastern Pine Elfin
Satyrium favonius Southern Hairstreak
Satyrium titus Coral Hairstreak
Satyrium edwardsii Edwards' Hairstreak
Satyrium calanus Banded Hairstreak
Calycopis cecrops Red-banded Hairstreak
Strymon melinus Gray Hairstreak
Parrhasius m album White M Hairstreak
Cupido comyntas Eastern Tailed-Blue
Celastrina ladon Spring Azure
Celastrina neglecta Summer Azure
Nymphalidae Brush-footed Butterflies
Libytheana carinenta American Snout
Danaus plexippus Monarch
Danaus gilippus Queen
Agraulis vanillae Gulf Fritillary
Euptoieta claudia Variegated Fritillary
Speyeria cybele Great Spangled Fritillary
Speyeria aphrodite Aphrodite Fritillary
Speyeria idalia Regal Fritillary
Chlosyne nycteis Silvery Checkerspot
Phyciodes tharos Pearl Crescent
Euphydryas phaeton Baltimore
Junonia coenia Common Buckeye
Polygonia interrogationis Question Mark
Polygonia comma Eastern Comma
Polygonia progne Gray Comma
Nymphalis antiopa Mourning Cloak
Vanessa atalanta Red Admiral
Vanessa cardui Painted Lady
Vanessa virginiensis American Lady
Limenitis arthemis Red-spotted Purple or White Admiral
Limenitis arthemis astyanax 'Astyanax' Red-spotted Purple
Limenitis archippus Viceroy
Asterocampa celtis Hackberry Emperor
Asterocampa clyton Tawny Emperor
Satyrodes appalachia Appalachian Brown
Megisto cymela Little Wood Satyr
Cercyonis pegala Common Wood Nymph
Butterflies of Maryland
This list of butterflies of Maryland was created from the Butterflies and Moths of North America website. To create a list for your specific county in Maryland, use the scrollbars on their database search page.
Select the link for any butterfly for more information, including their preferred host and nectar plants.
Hesperiidae Skippers
Epargyreus clarus Silver-spotted Skipper
Urbanus proteus Long-tailed Skipper
Urbanus dorantes Dorantes Longtail
Autochton cellus Golden Banded-Skipper
Achalarus lyciades Hoary Edge
Thorybes pylades Northern Cloudywing
Thorybes bathyllus Southern Cloudywing
Thorybes confusis Confused Cloudywing
Staphylus hayhurstii Hayhurst's Scallopwing
Erynnis icelus Dreamy Duskywing
Erynnis brizo Sleepy Duskywing
Erynnis juvenalis Juvenal's Duskywing
Erynnis horatius Horace's Duskywing
Erynnis martialis Mottled Duskywing
Erynnis zarucco Zarucco Duskywing
Erynnis baptisiae Wild Indigo Duskywing
Erynnis persius Persius Duskywing
Pyrgus centaureae Grizzled Skipper
Pyrgus communis Common Checkered-Skipper
Pholisora catullus Common Sootywing
Nastra lherminier Swarthy Skipper
Lerema accius Clouded Skipper
Ancyloxypha numitor Least Skipper
Thymelicus lineola European Skipper
Hylephila phyleus Fiery Skipper
Hesperia leonardus Leonard's Skipper
Hesperia metea Cobweb Skipper
Hesperia attalus Dotted Skipper
Hesperia sassacus Indian Skipper
Atalopedes campestris Sachem
Polites peckius Peck's Skipper
Polites themistocles Tawny-edged Skipper
Polites origenes Crossline Skipper
Polites mystic Long Dash
Polites vibex Whirlabout
Wallengrenia otho Southern Broken-Dash
Wallengrenia egeremet Northern Broken-Dash
Pompeius verna Little Glassywing
Anatrytone logan Delaware Skipper
Problema bulenta Rare Skipper
Poanes hobomok Hobomok Skipper
Poanes zabulon Zabulon Skipper
Poanes massasoit Mulberry Wing
Poanes viator Broad-winged Skipper
Poanes aaroni Aaron's Skipper
Euphyes pilatka Palatka Skipper
Euphyes conspicua Black Dash
Euphyes dion Dion Skipper
Euphyes bimacula Two-spotted Skipper
Euphyes vestris Dun Skipper
Atrytonopsis hianna Dusted Skipper
Amblyscirtes hegon Pepper and Salt Skipper
Amblyscirtes vialis Common Roadside-Skipper
Lerodea eufala Eufala Skipper
Oligoria maculata Twin-spot Skipper
Calpodes ethlius Brazilian Skipper
Panoquina panoquin Salt Marsh Skipper
Panoquina ocola Ocola Skipper
Papilionidae Parnassians and Swallowtails
Battus philenor Pipevine Swallowtail
Eurytides marcellus Zebra Swallowtail
Papilio polyxenes Black Swallowtail
Papilio glaucus Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
Papilio appalachiensis Appalachian Tiger Swallowtail
Papilio troilus Spicebush Swallowtail
Papilio palamedes Palamedes Swallowtail
Papilio cresphontes Giant Swallowtail
Pieridae Whites and Sulphurs
Pontia protodice Checkered White
Pieris rapae Cabbage White
Pieris virginiensis West Virginia White
Ascia monuste Great Southern White
Euchloe olympia Olympia Marble
Anthocharis midea Falcate Orangetip
Colias philodice Clouded Sulphur
Colias eurytheme Orange Sulphur
Colias interior Pink-edged Sulphur
Zerene cesonia Southern Dogface
Phoebis sennae Cloudless Sulphur
Phoebis agarithe Large Orange Sulphur
Pyrisitia lisa Little Yellow
Abaeis nicippe Sleepy Orange
Lycaenidae Gossamer-wing Butterflies
Feniseca tarquinius Harvester
Lycaena phlaeas American Copper
Lycaena hyllus Bronze Copper
Lycaena epixanthe Bog Copper
Atlides halesus Great Purple Hairstreak
Callophrys hesseli Hessel's Hairstreak
Callophrys gryneus Juniper Hairstreak
Callophrys augustinus Brown Elfin
Callophrys polios Hoary Elfin
Callophrys irus Frosted Elfin
Callophrys henrici Henry's Elfin
Callophrys niphon Eastern Pine Elfin
Satyrium favonius Southern Hairstreak
Satyrium titus Coral Hairstreak
Satyrium acadica Acadian Hairstreak
Satyrium caryaevorus Hickory Hairstreak
Satyrium edwardsii Edwards' Hairstreak
Satyrium calanus Banded Hairstreak
Satyrium kingi King's Hairstreak
Satyrium liparops Striped Hairstreak
Calycopis cecrops Red-banded Hairstreak
Strymon melinus Gray Hairstreak
Parrhasius m album White M Hairstreak
Erora laeta Early Hairstreak
Cupido comyntas Eastern Tailed-Blue
Celastrina ladon Spring Azure
Celastrina lucia Northern Azure
Celastrina neglecta Summer Azure
Celastrina nigra Dusky Azure
Celastrina neglecta major Appalachian Azure
Celastrina idella American Holly Azure
Celastrina serotina Cherry Gall Azure
Glaucopsyche lygdamus Silvery Blue
Riodinidae Metalmarks
Calephelis virginiensis Little Metalmark
Calephelis borealis Northern Metalmark
Nymphalidae Brush-footed Butterflies
Libytheana carinenta American Snout
Danaus plexippus Monarch
Danaus gilippus Queen
Agraulis vanillae Gulf Fritillary
Heliconius charithonia Zebra Heliconian
Euptoieta claudia Variegated Fritillary
Speyeria diana Diana
Speyeria cybele Great Spangled Fritillary
Speyeria aphrodite Aphrodite Fritillary
Speyeria idalia Regal Fritillary
Speyeria atlantis Atlantis Fritillary
Boloria selene Silver-bordered Fritillary
Boloria bellona Meadow Fritillary
Chlosyne nycteis Silvery Checkerspot
Chlosyne harrisii Harris' Checkerspot
Phyciodes tharos Pearl Crescent
Phyciodes batesii Tawny Crescent
Euphydryas phaeton Baltimore
Junonia coenia Common Buckeye
Polygonia interrogationis Question Mark
Polygonia comma Eastern Comma
Polygonia progne Gray Comma
Aglais milberti Milbert's Tortoiseshell
Nymphalis vaualbum Compton Tortoiseshell
Nymphalis antiopa Mourning Cloak
Vanessa atalanta Red Admiral
Vanessa cardui Painted Lady
Vanessa virginiensis American Lady
Limenitis arthemis Red-spotted Purple or White Admiral
Limenitis arthemis arthemis White Admiral
Limenitis arthemis astyanax 'Astyanax' Red-spotted Purple
Limenitis archippus Viceroy
Asterocampa celtis Hackberry Emperor
Asterocampa clyton Tawny Emperor
Enodia anthedon Northern Pearly Eye
Satyrodes appalachia Appalachian Brown
Cyllopsis gemma Gemmed Satyr
Hermeuptychia sosybius Carolina Satyr
Megisto cymela Little Wood Satyr
Cercyonis pegala Common Wood Nymph
Select the link for any butterfly for more information, including their preferred host and nectar plants.
Hesperiidae Skippers
Epargyreus clarus Silver-spotted Skipper
Urbanus proteus Long-tailed Skipper
Urbanus dorantes Dorantes Longtail
Autochton cellus Golden Banded-Skipper
Achalarus lyciades Hoary Edge
Thorybes pylades Northern Cloudywing
Thorybes bathyllus Southern Cloudywing
Thorybes confusis Confused Cloudywing
Staphylus hayhurstii Hayhurst's Scallopwing
Erynnis icelus Dreamy Duskywing
Erynnis brizo Sleepy Duskywing
Erynnis juvenalis Juvenal's Duskywing
Erynnis horatius Horace's Duskywing
Erynnis martialis Mottled Duskywing
Erynnis zarucco Zarucco Duskywing
Erynnis baptisiae Wild Indigo Duskywing
Erynnis persius Persius Duskywing
Pyrgus centaureae Grizzled Skipper
Pyrgus communis Common Checkered-Skipper
Pholisora catullus Common Sootywing
Nastra lherminier Swarthy Skipper
Lerema accius Clouded Skipper
Ancyloxypha numitor Least Skipper
Thymelicus lineola European Skipper
Hylephila phyleus Fiery Skipper
Hesperia leonardus Leonard's Skipper
Hesperia metea Cobweb Skipper
Hesperia attalus Dotted Skipper
Hesperia sassacus Indian Skipper
Atalopedes campestris Sachem
Polites peckius Peck's Skipper
Polites themistocles Tawny-edged Skipper
Polites origenes Crossline Skipper
Polites mystic Long Dash
Polites vibex Whirlabout
Wallengrenia otho Southern Broken-Dash
Wallengrenia egeremet Northern Broken-Dash
Pompeius verna Little Glassywing
Anatrytone logan Delaware Skipper
Problema bulenta Rare Skipper
Poanes hobomok Hobomok Skipper
Poanes zabulon Zabulon Skipper
Poanes massasoit Mulberry Wing
Poanes viator Broad-winged Skipper
Poanes aaroni Aaron's Skipper
Euphyes pilatka Palatka Skipper
Euphyes conspicua Black Dash
Euphyes dion Dion Skipper
Euphyes bimacula Two-spotted Skipper
Euphyes vestris Dun Skipper
Atrytonopsis hianna Dusted Skipper
Amblyscirtes hegon Pepper and Salt Skipper
Amblyscirtes vialis Common Roadside-Skipper
Lerodea eufala Eufala Skipper
Oligoria maculata Twin-spot Skipper
Calpodes ethlius Brazilian Skipper
Panoquina panoquin Salt Marsh Skipper
Panoquina ocola Ocola Skipper
Papilionidae Parnassians and Swallowtails
Battus philenor Pipevine Swallowtail
Eurytides marcellus Zebra Swallowtail
Papilio polyxenes Black Swallowtail
Papilio glaucus Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
Papilio appalachiensis Appalachian Tiger Swallowtail
Papilio troilus Spicebush Swallowtail
Papilio palamedes Palamedes Swallowtail
Papilio cresphontes Giant Swallowtail
Pieridae Whites and Sulphurs
Pontia protodice Checkered White
Pieris rapae Cabbage White
Pieris virginiensis West Virginia White
Ascia monuste Great Southern White
Euchloe olympia Olympia Marble
Anthocharis midea Falcate Orangetip
Colias philodice Clouded Sulphur
Colias eurytheme Orange Sulphur
Colias interior Pink-edged Sulphur
Zerene cesonia Southern Dogface
Phoebis sennae Cloudless Sulphur
Phoebis agarithe Large Orange Sulphur
Pyrisitia lisa Little Yellow
Abaeis nicippe Sleepy Orange
Lycaenidae Gossamer-wing Butterflies
Feniseca tarquinius Harvester
Lycaena phlaeas American Copper
Lycaena hyllus Bronze Copper
Lycaena epixanthe Bog Copper
Atlides halesus Great Purple Hairstreak
Callophrys hesseli Hessel's Hairstreak
Callophrys gryneus Juniper Hairstreak
Callophrys augustinus Brown Elfin
Callophrys polios Hoary Elfin
Callophrys irus Frosted Elfin
Callophrys henrici Henry's Elfin
Callophrys niphon Eastern Pine Elfin
Satyrium favonius Southern Hairstreak
Satyrium titus Coral Hairstreak
Satyrium acadica Acadian Hairstreak
Satyrium caryaevorus Hickory Hairstreak
Satyrium edwardsii Edwards' Hairstreak
Satyrium calanus Banded Hairstreak
Satyrium kingi King's Hairstreak
Satyrium liparops Striped Hairstreak
Calycopis cecrops Red-banded Hairstreak
Strymon melinus Gray Hairstreak
Parrhasius m album White M Hairstreak
Erora laeta Early Hairstreak
Cupido comyntas Eastern Tailed-Blue
Celastrina ladon Spring Azure
Celastrina lucia Northern Azure
Celastrina neglecta Summer Azure
Celastrina nigra Dusky Azure
Celastrina neglecta major Appalachian Azure
Celastrina idella American Holly Azure
Celastrina serotina Cherry Gall Azure
Glaucopsyche lygdamus Silvery Blue
Riodinidae Metalmarks
Calephelis virginiensis Little Metalmark
Calephelis borealis Northern Metalmark
Nymphalidae Brush-footed Butterflies
Libytheana carinenta American Snout
Danaus plexippus Monarch
Danaus gilippus Queen
Agraulis vanillae Gulf Fritillary
Heliconius charithonia Zebra Heliconian
Euptoieta claudia Variegated Fritillary
Speyeria diana Diana
Speyeria cybele Great Spangled Fritillary
Speyeria aphrodite Aphrodite Fritillary
Speyeria idalia Regal Fritillary
Speyeria atlantis Atlantis Fritillary
Boloria selene Silver-bordered Fritillary
Boloria bellona Meadow Fritillary
Chlosyne nycteis Silvery Checkerspot
Chlosyne harrisii Harris' Checkerspot
Phyciodes tharos Pearl Crescent
Phyciodes batesii Tawny Crescent
Euphydryas phaeton Baltimore
Junonia coenia Common Buckeye
Polygonia interrogationis Question Mark
Polygonia comma Eastern Comma
Polygonia progne Gray Comma
Aglais milberti Milbert's Tortoiseshell
Nymphalis vaualbum Compton Tortoiseshell
Nymphalis antiopa Mourning Cloak
Vanessa atalanta Red Admiral
Vanessa cardui Painted Lady
Vanessa virginiensis American Lady
Limenitis arthemis Red-spotted Purple or White Admiral
Limenitis arthemis arthemis White Admiral
Limenitis arthemis astyanax 'Astyanax' Red-spotted Purple
Limenitis archippus Viceroy
Asterocampa celtis Hackberry Emperor
Asterocampa clyton Tawny Emperor
Enodia anthedon Northern Pearly Eye
Satyrodes appalachia Appalachian Brown
Cyllopsis gemma Gemmed Satyr
Hermeuptychia sosybius Carolina Satyr
Megisto cymela Little Wood Satyr
Cercyonis pegala Common Wood Nymph
Butterflies of Virginia
This list of butterflies of Virginia was created from the Butterflies and Moths of North America website. To create a list for your specific county in Virginia , use the scrollbars on their database search page.
Select the link for any butterfly for more information, including their preferred host and nectar plants.
- Epargyreus clarus Silver-spotted Skipper
- Urbanus proteus Long-tailed Skipper
- Autochton cellus Golden Banded-Skipper
- Achalarus lyciades Hoary Edge
- Thorybes pylades Northern Cloudywing
- Thorybes bathyllus Southern Cloudywing
- Thorybes confusis Confused Cloudywing
- Staphylus hayhurstii Hayhurst's Scallopwing
- Erynnis icelus Dreamy Duskywing
- Erynnis brizo Sleepy Duskywing
- Erynnis juvenalis Juvenal's Duskywing
- Erynnis horatius Horace's Duskywing
- Erynnis martialis Mottled Duskywing
- Erynnis zarucco Zarucco Duskywing
- Erynnis baptisiae Wild Indigo Duskywing
- Erynnis lucilius Columbine Duskywing
- Erynnis persius Persius Duskywing
- Pyrgus centaureae Grizzled Skipper
- Pyrgus communis Common Checkered-Skipper
- Pholisora catullus Common Sootywing
- Nastra lherminier Swarthy Skipper
- Lerema accius Clouded Skipper
- Ancyloxypha numitor Least Skipper
- Thymelicus lineola European Skipper
- Hylephila phyleus Fiery Skipper
- Hesperia leonardus Leonard's Skipper
- Hesperia metea Cobweb Skipper
- Hesperia attalus Dotted Skipper
- Hesperia sassacus Indian Skipper
- Atalopedes campestris Sachem
- Polites peckius Peck's Skipper
- Polites themistocles Tawny-edged Skipper
- Polites origenes Crossline Skipper
- Polites mystic Long Dash
- Polites vibex Whirlabout
- Wallengrenia otho Southern Broken-Dash
- Wallengrenia egeremet Northern Broken-Dash
- Pompeius verna Little Glassywing
- Atrytone arogos Arogos Skipper
- Anatrytone logan Delaware Skipper
- Problema bulenta Rare Skipper
- Poanes hobomok Hobomok Skipper
- Poanes zabulon Zabulon Skipper
- Poanes viator Broad-winged Skipper
- Poanes yehl Yehl Skipper
- Poanes aaroni Aaron's Skipper
- Euphyes pilatka Palatka Skipper
- Euphyes conspicua Black Dash
- Euphyes dion Dion Skipper
- Euphyes dukesi Dukes' Skipper
- Euphyes bimacula Two-spotted Skipper
- Euphyes vestris Dun Skipper
- Atrytonopsis hianna Dusted Skipper
- Amblyscirtes hegon Pepper and Salt Skipper
- Amblyscirtes carolina Carolina Roadside-Skipper
- Amblyscirtes reversa Reversed Roadside-Skipper
- Amblyscirtes aesculapius Lace-winged Roadside-Skipper
- Amblyscirtes vialis Common Roadside-Skipper
- Amblyscirtes alternata Dusky Roadside-Skipper
- Lerodea eufala Eufala Skipper
- Calpodes ethlius Brazilian Skipper
- Panoquina panoquin Salt Marsh Skipper
- Panoquina ocola Ocola Skipper
- Megathymus yuccae Yucca Giant-Skipper
- Battus philenor Pipevine Swallowtail
- Eurytides marcellus Zebra Swallowtail
- Papilio polyxenes Black Swallowtail
- Papilio glaucus Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
- Papilio troilus Spicebush Swallowtail
- Papilio palamedes Palamedes Swallowtail
- Papilio cresphontes Giant Swallowtail
- Pontia protodice Checkered White
- Pieris rapae Cabbage White
- Pieris virginiensis West Virginia White
- Ascia monuste Great Southern White
- Euchloe olympia Olympia Marble
- Anthocharis midea Falcate Orangetip
- Colias philodice Clouded Sulphur
- Colias eurytheme Orange Sulphur
- Colias interior Pink-edged Sulphur
- Zerene cesonia Southern Dogface
- Phoebis sennae Cloudless Sulphur
- Phoebis philea Orange-barred Sulphur
- Eurema daira Barred Yellow
- Pyrisitia lisa Little Yellow
- Abaeis nicippe Sleepy Orange
- Nathalis iole Dainty Sulphur
- Feniseca tarquinius Harvester
- Lycaena phlaeas American Copper
- Lycaena hyllus Bronze Copper
- Atlides halesus Great Purple Hairstreak
- Callophrys hesseli Hessel's Hairstreak
- Callophrys gryneus Juniper Hairstreak
- Callophrys augustinus Brown Elfin
- Callophrys polios Hoary Elfin
- Callophrys irus Frosted Elfin
- Callophrys henrici Henry's Elfin
- Callophrys niphon Eastern Pine Elfin
- Satyrium favonius Southern Hairstreak
- Satyrium titus Coral Hairstreak
- Satyrium caryaevorus Hickory Hairstreak
- Satyrium edwardsii Edwards' Hairstreak
- Satyrium calanus Banded Hairstreak
- Satyrium kingi King's Hairstreak
- Satyrium liparops Striped Hairstreak
- Calycopis cecrops Red-banded Hairstreak
- Strymon melinus Gray Hairstreak
- Parrhasius m album White M Hairstreak
- Erora laeta Early Hairstreak
- Leptotes cassius Cassius Blue
- Cupido comyntas Eastern Tailed-Blue
- Celastrina ladon Spring Azure
- Celastrina neglecta Summer Azure
- Celastrina nigra Dusky Azure
- Celastrina neglecta major Appalachian Azure
- Celastrina idella American Holly Azure
- Glaucopsyche lygdamus Silvery Blue
- Calephelis virginiensis Little Metalmark
- Calephelis borealis Northern Metalmark
- Libytheana carinenta American Snout
- Danaus plexippus Monarch
- Agraulis vanillae Gulf Fritillary
- Euptoieta claudia Variegated Fritillary
- Speyeria diana Diana
- Speyeria cybele Great Spangled Fritillary
- Speyeria aphrodite Aphrodite Fritillary
- Speyeria idalia Regal Fritillary
- Speyeria atlantis Atlantis Fritillary
- Boloria selene Silver-bordered Fritillary
- Boloria bellona Meadow Fritillary
- Chlosyne nycteis Silvery Checkerspot
- Phyciodes phaon Phaon Crescent
- Phyciodes tharos Pearl Crescent
- Phyciodes cocyta Northern Crescent
- Phyciodes batesii Tawny Crescent
- Euphydryas phaeton Baltimore
- Junonia coenia Common Buckeye
- Anartia jatrophae White Peacock
- Polygonia interrogationis Question Mark
- Polygonia comma Eastern Comma
- Polygonia faunus Green Comma
- Polygonia progne Gray Comma
- Nymphalis vaualbum Compton Tortoiseshell
- Nymphalis antiopa Mourning Cloak
- Vanessa atalanta Red Admiral
- Vanessa cardui Painted Lady
- Vanessa virginiensis American Lady
- Limenitis arthemis Red-spotted Purple or White Admiral
- Limenitis arthemis arthemis White Admiral
- Limenitis arthemis astyanax 'Astyanax' Red-spotted Purple
- Limenitis archippus Viceroy
- Marpesia petreus Ruddy Daggerwing
- Anaea andria Goatweed Leafwing
- Asterocampa celtis Hackberry Emperor
- Asterocampa clyton Tawny Emperor
- Enodia portlandia Southern Pearly Eye
- Enodia anthedon Northern Pearly Eye
- Enodia creola Creole Pearly Eye
- Satyrodes appalachia Appalachian Brown
- Cyllopsis gemma Gemmed Satyr
- Hermeuptychia sosybius Carolina Satyr
- Neonympha areolatus Georgia Satyr
- Megisto cymela Little Wood Satyr
- Cercyonis pegala Common Wood Nymph
Another dream job for gardeners
Who said you can't "do what you love" and get paid for it, too. Here is another great job I saw posted for someone in the DC area who loves gardening and the environment.
The Washington Youth Garden at the U. S. National Arboretum is seeking a qualified Education Assistant to support their Education Coordinator and other WYG staff in the execution and advancement of WYG’s Garden Science program.
For more information, you can see the full job listing here: Washington Youth Garden seeks Education Assistant
The Washington Youth Garden at the U. S. National Arboretum is seeking a qualified Education Assistant to support their Education Coordinator and other WYG staff in the execution and advancement of WYG’s Garden Science program.
The Washington Youth Garden’s Garden Science program partners with local elementary schools to provide environmental science and nutrition education. With an interactive garden-based curriculum, WYG educators provide eight weeks of classroom based lessons at each participating school for third and fourth grade classes. In the spring, the WYG works with the school community to design and install an edible schoolyard garden. In May, each participating class visits the Washington Youth Garden at the U.S. National Arboretum for a full day of outdoor educational programming.
For more information, you can see the full job listing here: Washington Youth Garden seeks Education Assistant
Sunday, January 2, 2011
Meet Barry Louis Polisar - Metro DC Lawn and Garden's 2010 Man of the Year
There are a lot of people and groups in the DC area that work tirelessly on community garden projects and other programs to help take care of the planet. But when I was looking for someone to feature as Metro DC Lawn and Garden Blog's 2010 Man of the Year, local resident Barry Louis Polisar seemed like a perfect fit.
Not only does Polisar make sure he "takes care of his share" of the planet, but he also writes children's songs to help teach the younger generation the importance of doing their part to keep our planet green. In fact, his song "It All Comes Back to Me" would be an ideal theme song for the Metro DC Lawn and Garden blog, because it reminds listeners that "their yard is connected to the next yard" and all the yards are eventually connected to the Bay. Click arrow below to hear "It All Comes Back to Me".
Although you may not recognize Polisar's name, you have probably heard some of his work - or at least your children have. In a way, Polisar has the same fun job as the character of Charlie Harper on the hit CBS comedy, Two and a Half Men. Polisar writes children's songs for a living with wacky words and titles such as "I Wanna be a Dog", "I Lost My Pants", or "Doo-doo is a Bad Word". His most recognizable tune, however, is "All I Want Is You", the fun, and catchy song that Polisar wrote and sang during the opening credits of the acclaimed 2007 movie, Juno, which starred Ellen Page, Jennifer Gardner and Jason Bateman.
Polisar has earned a slew of awards for his music, including five Parents' Choice Awards. He has performed at The White House, The Smithsonian and The Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts but mostly he visits schools and libraries because--as he says--"that's where the kids are." He has written songs for Sesame Street and The Weekly Reader, has starred in an Emmy Award-winning television show for children and has been featured regularly on The Learning Channel.
But the mark that Polisar is leaving on the planet isn't just a musical one. Polisar and his family are also doing their part to cleanup some of the damage that other people have left behind while making an effort to lessen their own environmental impact.
In 2001, Polisar and his family bought a large farm property that adjoins a huge wooded preserve surrounding the Patuxent river watershed -- a beautiful place with hills and streams that is only five miles from where Polisar grew up. They spent the next few years cleaning up the land - hauling away over two hundred old tires, a dozen junked cars, half-buried trash, rusty scrap metal, and collapsed and rotting buildings. When he finally got the last tire and last truckload of trash off of the property, he breathed a deep sigh of relief over their long, arduous "tireless efforts".
When he finished with his own property, he decided to "adopt" the watershed next door, hauling out a few more truck loads of trash and tires.
Not only has Polisar taken it as a personal mission to clean the environment around him, his wife has grown much of the family's food for decades. They have an organic garden and have planted fruit trees and berry bushes on their property.
"We have always grown vegetables in our garden organically," Roni Polisar said. "It was easier in our last home when we had a smaller yard. We don't use any chemicals or pesticides and when we moved here I had to learn a whole new way of what worked with the bugs and animals here. We only moved five miles from our previous home, but the place had a different eco system and there were new bugs that attacked our plants that I had to learn about. Thirty years ago I subscribed to Organic Gardening Magazine and learned a lot of really useful techniques from them. Now, I read a lot on line and am able to figure out natural ways to combat these new pests. For fertilizer I have always used manure and compost."
When he isn't hauling trash out of the woods or singing his songs, Barry also writes books for children--and many of them explore environmental themes. "Peculiar Zoo" is a collection of poems about endangered animals and "The Snake Who Was Afraid of People" tells the story of a snake who is captured by a school-aged boy and held prisoner in a jar until he is able to escape--aided by a cadre of beret wearing snakes working underground. He makes his books and music available for free on his web site for anyone to read or listen to: Barry Louis Polisar: Songs and Music for Children
Thanks Barry and Roni for doing your part to keep the area clean and green. All we want for the New Year is more people like you!
Not only does Polisar make sure he "takes care of his share" of the planet, but he also writes children's songs to help teach the younger generation the importance of doing their part to keep our planet green. In fact, his song "It All Comes Back to Me" would be an ideal theme song for the Metro DC Lawn and Garden blog, because it reminds listeners that "their yard is connected to the next yard" and all the yards are eventually connected to the Bay. Click arrow below to hear "It All Comes Back to Me".
Although you may not recognize Polisar's name, you have probably heard some of his work - or at least your children have. In a way, Polisar has the same fun job as the character of Charlie Harper on the hit CBS comedy, Two and a Half Men. Polisar writes children's songs for a living with wacky words and titles such as "I Wanna be a Dog", "I Lost My Pants", or "Doo-doo is a Bad Word". His most recognizable tune, however, is "All I Want Is You", the fun, and catchy song that Polisar wrote and sang during the opening credits of the acclaimed 2007 movie, Juno, which starred Ellen Page, Jennifer Gardner and Jason Bateman.
Polisar has earned a slew of awards for his music, including five Parents' Choice Awards. He has performed at The White House, The Smithsonian and The Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts but mostly he visits schools and libraries because--as he says--"that's where the kids are." He has written songs for Sesame Street and The Weekly Reader, has starred in an Emmy Award-winning television show for children and has been featured regularly on The Learning Channel.
But the mark that Polisar is leaving on the planet isn't just a musical one. Polisar and his family are also doing their part to cleanup some of the damage that other people have left behind while making an effort to lessen their own environmental impact.
In 2001, Polisar and his family bought a large farm property that adjoins a huge wooded preserve surrounding the Patuxent river watershed -- a beautiful place with hills and streams that is only five miles from where Polisar grew up. They spent the next few years cleaning up the land - hauling away over two hundred old tires, a dozen junked cars, half-buried trash, rusty scrap metal, and collapsed and rotting buildings. When he finally got the last tire and last truckload of trash off of the property, he breathed a deep sigh of relief over their long, arduous "tireless efforts".
When he finished with his own property, he decided to "adopt" the watershed next door, hauling out a few more truck loads of trash and tires.
"We are fortunate to live in an amazing place--and would not have been able to afford our home if it had been a pristine and clean estate," Polisar explained. "We knew there would be a lot of sweat equity involved when we jumped in."
"Some people see a rural piece of property and see that as the perfect place to dump tires and trash and avoid paying dump fees. I quickly saw myself as a custodian of our land--and the adjacent public lands next door. There is a tradition on rural land to burn or bury trash and that may have been okay in an age when everything was assumed to decompose, but we have since learned that bottles, tires and plastic stays forever. Everything washes downstream. Trash that is thrown out the car window washes into the streams and creeks, then gets carried to the rivers and ends up in the bays and oceans."
Not only has Polisar taken it as a personal mission to clean the environment around him, his wife has grown much of the family's food for decades. They have an organic garden and have planted fruit trees and berry bushes on their property.
"We have always grown vegetables in our garden organically," Roni Polisar said. "It was easier in our last home when we had a smaller yard. We don't use any chemicals or pesticides and when we moved here I had to learn a whole new way of what worked with the bugs and animals here. We only moved five miles from our previous home, but the place had a different eco system and there were new bugs that attacked our plants that I had to learn about. Thirty years ago I subscribed to Organic Gardening Magazine and learned a lot of really useful techniques from them. Now, I read a lot on line and am able to figure out natural ways to combat these new pests. For fertilizer I have always used manure and compost."
"I was influenced by Wendell Berry's essay Think Little," Barry added. "That essay talks about how gardeners are the perfect environmentalists--if they garden organically. Nothing goes to waste if you garden. Table scraps get added to the compost pile and a gardener develops a deep connection to the land. Wendell Berry wrote about how we always think about doing big things--but everyday acts are just as important. I think that idea influenced my career as a writer and songwriter--and also my sense of stewardship of the land."
When he isn't hauling trash out of the woods or singing his songs, Barry also writes books for children--and many of them explore environmental themes. "Peculiar Zoo" is a collection of poems about endangered animals and "The Snake Who Was Afraid of People" tells the story of a snake who is captured by a school-aged boy and held prisoner in a jar until he is able to escape--aided by a cadre of beret wearing snakes working underground. He makes his books and music available for free on his web site for anyone to read or listen to: Barry Louis Polisar: Songs and Music for Children
Thanks Barry and Roni for doing your part to keep the area clean and green. All we want for the New Year is more people like you!
Juno Opening Credits Featuring Barry's Song All I Want is You
Thursday, December 30, 2010
Share your garden photos to take the chill off
A few days ago, I posted a message titled Cure for the Winter Blues that had links to some beautiful photos of the area on flickriver. Today I thought I would go a step further and encourage everyone to share their own photos online. Whether you take photos of the current conditions outside or want to spend some time going through some of the photos you have already accumulated, why not add them to these flickr streams so that we can all share the beauty of Washinton, D.C., Maryland and Virginia gardens.
One, two - what should you do?
Three, Four - walk out the door
Five, Six - Take some pix
Seven, Eight - manipulate
Nine, Ten - upload them!
Ok, yes. That is a totally goofy rhyme. But you get the point. Go outside, take some photos, do a little photo-shopping if necessary, and then upload them to one of these flickr groups so we can share them online.
DC Gardens , Maryland Garden Club , Gardens of Virginia
And then check back daily to see if your photos have made the Most Interesting lists:
One, two - what should you do?
Three, Four - walk out the door
Five, Six - Take some pix
Seven, Eight - manipulate
Nine, Ten - upload them!
Ok, yes. That is a totally goofy rhyme. But you get the point. Go outside, take some photos, do a little photo-shopping if necessary, and then upload them to one of these flickr groups so we can share them online.
DC Gardens , Maryland Garden Club , Gardens of Virginia
And then check back daily to see if your photos have made the Most Interesting lists:
✿❀Use the scrollbar to view more photos!✿❀
✿❀Use the scrollbar to view more photos!✿❀
✿❀Use the scrollbar to view more photos!✿❀
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
Want to win a Bay Friendly home?
I love to enter sweepstakes. And I have to admit that I have won some really wonderful things in my life.
But just because I have already won big, that doesn't mean I don't keep trying to win more. So you can bet that I will be voting and entering to win the DIY network Blog Cabin home that is being renovated on the Chesapeake Bay in Susan, Virginia, a mere 155 miles southeast of Washington, DC.
Blog Cabin is a popular show on DIY network TV. The premise of the show is that they select a home and let viewers vote on various options to create the ultimate vacation home. Viewers can then register to win the home at the completion of the project.
The August 2011 premier will mark the fifth season of this popular show, as they transform the 3-bedroom, 2-bath early 1900s home into a modern-day retreat.
The 2011 Blog Cabin is located on the Chesapeake Bay and sits on over 16 acres of property. So as soon as I read about the contest, I wanted to make sure that they keep the beauty of the Bay in mind when they make changes to the landscaping. Here are some great photos of the exterior of the Blog Cabin home that show how beautiful the property and the views are.
Eco-friendly gardeners know that anything we do around our homes and gardens can affect the waterways. But properties that are directly on a water body have a much more immediate impact.
I emailed Lisa Dyer of DIY network to ask about the landscaping and this is her reply:
Since the whole premise of the show is that they let viewers add their comments through a blog, we all can help add suggestions for how to keep this home environmentally friendly. Some of my suggestions would be installation of native plants, rain barrels and definitely the elimination of any chemicals in the landscape.
For more information on DIY Network's Blog Cabin, and to participate in a blog about the construction, vote on design elements of the 2011 cabin and view video footage from two "cabin cams," visit www.DIYNetwork.com/blogcabin.
But just because I have already won big, that doesn't mean I don't keep trying to win more. So you can bet that I will be voting and entering to win the DIY network Blog Cabin home that is being renovated on the Chesapeake Bay in Susan, Virginia, a mere 155 miles southeast of Washington, DC.
Blog Cabin is a popular show on DIY network TV. The premise of the show is that they select a home and let viewers vote on various options to create the ultimate vacation home. Viewers can then register to win the home at the completion of the project.
The August 2011 premier will mark the fifth season of this popular show, as they transform the 3-bedroom, 2-bath early 1900s home into a modern-day retreat.
The 2011 Blog Cabin is located on the Chesapeake Bay and sits on over 16 acres of property. So as soon as I read about the contest, I wanted to make sure that they keep the beauty of the Bay in mind when they make changes to the landscaping. Here are some great photos of the exterior of the Blog Cabin home that show how beautiful the property and the views are.
Eco-friendly gardeners know that anything we do around our homes and gardens can affect the waterways. But properties that are directly on a water body have a much more immediate impact.
I emailed Lisa Dyer of DIY network to ask about the landscaping and this is her reply:
I confirmed that we are indeed incorporating Bay-friendly landscaping choices into our Blog Cabin online voting. That polling period will be from Feb. 28 – March 13. While we don’t have specifics on what exact questions will be asked at this time, we will have confirmation around early to mid-February at the latest, so I will follow up with you then to provide the specifics.
Since the whole premise of the show is that they let viewers add their comments through a blog, we all can help add suggestions for how to keep this home environmentally friendly. Some of my suggestions would be installation of native plants, rain barrels and definitely the elimination of any chemicals in the landscape.
For more information on DIY Network's Blog Cabin, and to participate in a blog about the construction, vote on design elements of the 2011 cabin and view video footage from two "cabin cams," visit www.DIYNetwork.com/blogcabin.
Tuesday, December 28, 2010
Cure for the winter blues - tiptoe through the tulips..and more
I know it's kind of early to have the winter blues already, but gardeners have a little harder time when they can't get outside and dig in the dirt. I just found something that might help take the chill off and help you dream and plan next spring's garden.
Take a look at these beautiful photos from various local gardens on Flickriver:
Here is a link for Gardens of Virginia
And here is one for the Maryland Garden Club
And here is one listed as DC Gardens
Fix yourself a nice hot cup of coffee, tea or cocoa and sit back and tiptoe through the tulips. Enjoy!
Take a look at these beautiful photos from various local gardens on Flickriver:
Here is a link for Gardens of Virginia
And here is one for the Maryland Garden Club
And here is one listed as DC Gardens
Fix yourself a nice hot cup of coffee, tea or cocoa and sit back and tiptoe through the tulips. Enjoy!
Tips for reducing environmental damage from deicers
Sometimes a product that seems like the easiest and quickest solution to a problem around our homes and gardens can be doing much more harm than good. Certainly this can be true of chemical fertilizers and pest products, which sometimes work quicker but are often doing long-term damage to the planet. But in the winter, the product that many residents reach for to remove ice from their driveways and sidewalks is another environmental bad guy.
Most de-icing products contain high levels of salt, which can damage driveways and sidewalks, be harmful to pets, damage lawns and other plants, and harm our waterways.
The Maryland Department of the Environment explains why salt can be detrimental to the environment:
Despite the harm that they can cause to the environment, homeowners need to consider the importance of preventing falls around their homes during the winter months. Here are some tips from the Maryland Cooperative Extension and the Maryland Department of the Environment.
Melting Ice Safely, Maryland Cooperative Extension (pdf document)
Winter Weather, Chemical Deicers and the Chesapeake Bay (pdf document)
Most de-icing products contain high levels of salt, which can damage driveways and sidewalks, be harmful to pets, damage lawns and other plants, and harm our waterways.
The Maryland Department of the Environment explains why salt can be detrimental to the environment:
Salt and the Environment (pdf document)
Soil: Excess salt can saturate and destroy a soil’s natural structure and result in more erosion and sediment transport to the Chesapeake Bay.
Vegetation: High concentrations of salt can damage and kill vegetation. Healthy vegetation is a vital buffer between land and water, reducing nutrient exports to the Bay.
Wildlife: Salt poses the greatest danger to fresh water ecosystems and fish. Studies in New York have shown that as salt concentrations increase in a stream, bio-diversity decreases.
Humans:Excess salt can seep into groundwater and runoff into reservoirs affecting the taste of drinking water. Additionally, sodium chloride can exacerbate hypertension.
Corrosion: Salt is corrosive and can damage exposed rebar, bridges, and automobiles. Additionally, by increasing the freeze/thaw cycle, salt can prematurely age cement and asphalt.
There are many alternatives to salt including potassium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, corn processing by products, and calcium magnesium acetate (CMA). Most can be found in your local hardware store under various trade names – check labels for chemical content.
Despite the harm that they can cause to the environment, homeowners need to consider the importance of preventing falls around their homes during the winter months. Here are some tips from the Maryland Cooperative Extension and the Maryland Department of the Environment.
- Ice melting products are most effective when spread thinly and evenly over the pavement prior to ice formation. It is much easier to prevent ice than to try to melt a thick layer of ice. Avoid use of salt by clearing walkways of snow before it turns to ice and consider that salt and deicers are not effective when more than 3 inches have accumulated.
- Follow the manufacturer's directions when applying a deicer. If possible, use even less than is recommended, but make sure the surface is covered thinly and evenly.
- To melt thick ice in very cold weather, add a small amount of water to the deicer to help initiate melting. To further aid melting and provide sure footing, mix the deicer with wet sand and/or ashes.
- For areas with a thin layer of ice, instead of deicer, try applying warm water mixed with table salt, water conditioner salt or the brine backwash from a water conditioner.
- Use sand, ashes or kitty litter to improve traction on icy areas.
- Once a dry route to the house has been established, block off slippery areas to prevent personal injury.
- If an ice storm is predicted, cover small areas with heavy plastic or other water proof material.
- Consider the temperature. Salt and CMA have a much slower effect on melting snow and ice at temperatures below 25 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Track winter weather and only use salt and deicers when a storm is imminent. If a winter storm does not occur, sweep up any unused material, store, and reuse for the next big storm.
- Apply deicing products discriminately, focusing on high-use areas where traction is critical and apply the least amount necessary to get the job done. This will save money in product costs and will also help minimize property damage to paved surfaces, vehicles, and vegetation.
- Plant native vegetation that is salt tolerant in stormwater drainage swales and ponds that may receive salt-laden runoff. Not only will these native species have a greater chance for survival, but they will continue to act as an effective buffer for the Chesapeake Bay. (Recommended trees and bushes: high bush blueberry, bayberry, green ash, black locust, sycamore, sweet gum, pin oak, hemlock and bald cypress)
- Store salt and other products on an impervious surface to prevent ground contamination and in a dry, covered area to prevent stormwater runoff.
Melting Ice Safely, Maryland Cooperative Extension (pdf document)
Winter Weather, Chemical Deicers and the Chesapeake Bay (pdf document)
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